The detailed investigation of intentionality stands as a major achievement in 20. Century philosophy. This focus upon subjectivity's ability to be directed toward and occupied with objects different from itself, should however not obscure the fact that it has another important, but apparently antithetical feature, namely self-awareness. Obviously I can be aware of blooming trees, rainy mornings or the cries of playing children, but I can also be aware that these are seen, smelt and heard, that different perceptions are taking place, and that I am the one experiencing them, just as I might be aware that I am hungry, tired or happy. It is, however, one thing to realize that self-awareness exists, and something quite different to understand exactly what it is. One traditional suggestion has consisted in pointing to the contrast between intentionality, which is characterized by its difference between the subject and the object of experience, and self-awareness which appears to imply their strict identity. Any convincing theory of self-awareness has to be able to explain this contrast, and the most natural explanation seems to be that self-awareness differs from ordinary intentional awareness, exactly because it is an awareness, which has itself, rather than anything else, as its object. This theory, stating that self-awareness is the result of consciousness directing its 'gaze' at itself, taking itself as its own object, and thus becoming aware of itself, is commonly known as the reflection theory of self-awareness. Although it at first sight seems obvious and unavoidable to say that self-awareness is exactly characterized by the subject having itself, rather than anything else, as its object, this approach ultimately generates so severe difficulties, however, that it must be abandoned. In recent years the most thorough demonstration of this fact can be found in the writings of Manfred Frank.1 I will not summarize all of his arguments, but let me briefly spell out the most important one: The reflection model of self-awareness operates with a duality of moments...